Avshalom Caspi's research spans the fields of psychology, epidemiology, and genetics. His current work is concerned with three broad questions:

1. How do genetic differences between people shape the way they respond to their environments?
2. How do childhood experiences shape the course of health inequalities across the life span?
3. What are the best ways to assess and measure personality differences between people?

For his research, he has received the American Psychological Association's Early Career Contribution Award, the John Hill Memorial Award for contributions to understanding adolescent development from the Society for Research on Adolescence, and the Mortimer D. Sackler Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology.